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    Click here to view the U.S. Department of State's Official tribute, "Thank you, Mr. Secretary"—Honoring Colin Powell

    A Life Remembered

    Colin Luther Powell (1937–2021)

     

    Colin Luther Powell was born on April 5, 1937, in New York City, and was raised in South Bronx. His parents, Luther and Maud Powell, immigrated to the United States from Jamaica. He was educated in the New York City public schools and received a bachelor's degree in geology from City College of New York. While in college, Powell participated in the ROTC and received a commission as an Army second lieutenant upon graduation in June 1958. Powell was a professional soldier for 35 years, during which time he held many command and staff positions and rose to the rank of four-star general. He was Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command in 1989.

    Courtesy of Vivian Blevins

  • Courtesy of The Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State

    Introduction

    Colin L. Powell was appointed Secretary of State by George W. Bush on January 20, 2001, after being unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. He served for four years, leaving the position on January 26, 2005. He was the first African-American to serve as Secretary of State.

    Rise to Prominence

    Powell was born on April 5, 1937, in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem. The son of two Jamaican immigrants, he was raised in the South Bronx. He attended City College of New York, and it was there that he began his military service, joining the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC). After his graduation in 1958, Powell was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army. During his 35 years in the Army, he served two tours in Vietnam, was stationed in West Germany and South Korea, and acted as President Ronald Reagan's Deputy National Security Advisor in 1987 then National Security Advisor from 1988 until 1989. In 1989 he was promoted to the rank of general, and was appointed by President George H.W. Bush to the position of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the four years Powell served in that capacity, he oversaw 28 crises, including Operation Desert Storm in 1991. After his retirement in 1993, he founded America's Promise, an organization which helps at-risk children. He was nominated for Secretary of State by President George W. Bush on December 16, 2000.

    Influence on U.S. Diplomacy

    At the beginning of his term, Powell placed an emphasis on reaffirming diplomatic alliances throughout the world, supporting a national missile defense system, working towards peace in the Middle East, and prioritizing sanctions instead of force in potential hot spots such as Iraq. He also focused on reinvigorating U.S. diplomacy through reforms in the Department of State’s organizational culture and an infusion of resources for personnel, information technology, security, and facilities. Powell's term, however, was soon dominated by the challenges the Bush Administration faced after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Powell was one of the foremost supporters of taking swift military action against al-Qaeda and demanded immediate cooperation from Afghanistan and Pakistan in the U.S. search for those who were complicit in the attacks. When the Administration's attention shifted to Iraq and the possibility that Saddam Hussein was manufacturing weapons of mass destruction (WMD), Powell pressed to have UN inspectors investigate. In February 2003, Powell presented intelligence to the UN that supported the claim that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and could produce more. Subsequently, the Administration moved quickly toward preemptive military action against Iraq, despite Powell’s advice that war should not begin until a large coalition of allies and a long-term occupation plan were in place. In 2004, some of the intelligence that Powell had brought before the UN in 2003 was found to be erroneous. Although Afghanistan and Iraq demanded a great deal of Powell’s attention during his tenure, he pursued other important U.S. foreign policy initiatives and grappled with various crises that arose between 2001 and 2005. After initially difficult Administration interactions with Russia and China, Powell worked to improve both bilateral relationships. Prominent among these efforts were management of U.S. withdrawal from the U.S.-Russian Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty and the signing of the Moscow Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions in May 2002. In the area of foreign aid, Powell pushed the Administration to increase its commitment to the international fight against AIDS, and oversaw a doubling of development assistance funding. He also pressed for international cooperation to halt the nuclear weapons programs of North Korea and Iran, and the Administration achieved an important nonproliferation success when Libya agreed to give up its weapons programs in 2003. Powell confronted a variety of international crises as well, including a near war between nuclear powers India and Pakistan in 2001-2002, domestic turmoil in Liberia (2003) and Haiti (2004), and the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. His continued belief that Middle East stability required a resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict led him to advocate the 2002 “Road Map” that aimed at creating an independent Palestinian state at peace with Israel. Although President Bush endorsed the plan, Powell was not able to persuade the Administration to make a strong commitment to its implementation. On November 15, 2004, Powell announced his resignation. After stepping down as Secretary of State, he returned to a busy life in the private sector continuing his work with America's Promise Alliance. He served on the Boards of Directors of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Eisenhower Fellowship Program, and the Powell Center at the City College of New York.

    Courtesy of Vivian Blevins

    Nine Veterans Speak

    In the book, It Worked For Me: In Life and Leadership, Powell, a professional soldier and statesman, writes, "Trust your people" and "Leadership is solving problems. The day soldiers stop bringing you their problems is the day you have stopped leading them. They have either lost confidence that you can help or concluded you do not care. Either case is a failure of leadership."

    By the time you read these comments from veterans who speak of General Powell’s legacy—the American flags will no longer be flying at half mast—but he will forever be an important part of the memories of American veterans for putting his philosophy into action.


    World War II U.S. Army veteran Harry Ashburn says, “I have the highest respect for General Powell, totally. When he moved into government service after military service, he brought those same qualities of leadership. He engendered respect throughout the world as well as in our own country. After he served as Secretary of State, he declined to run for president and that was my only disappointment as he would have been an outstanding president and would have been elected across the whole political spectrum.”


    Steve Skinner joined the U.S. Navy at age seventeen and was aboard the U.S.S. Independence in the South China Sea on his eighteenth birthday. Skinner says of Powell, “A true leader, he was a soldier’s soldier. He cared for his men, knew their names, looked out for them. He was a disciplinarian but not to the point that he was a hard-nosed ruler. He could make decisions in the heat of battle and the men would follow him anywhere.”


    Nick Essinger, U.S. Air Force in Vietnam, is quick to say, “Unequivocally General Powell was one of the finest military officers. I met him in Nam when I was serving throughout the country in a multitude of tasks. He listened to people, allowed them to speak and that’s rare in the military for officers. I wish I had been able to serve with him.”


    Retired U.S. Air Force veteran Ray Snedegar, a player in “Operation Babylift” says, “I heard about General Powell throughout the Vietnam War and people loved him. The rift between military officers and the enlisted can be wide, but he was an outstanding military officer who took care of his men and an outstanding statesperson.”


    As an eighteen-year-old, Robert Castillo was in the U.S. Army and stationed in Okinawa during the Vietnam War. One of his jobs was to put together bodies of the war dead to send home to their families. Castillo says, “I had heard a little about General Powell, so I read about him. He was more than a general, a politician: He was a man who learned that in order to achieve success, he needed to know what made all of life in general work. Unlike most officers, he wanted to know what his troops thought, felt, concerns and needs they had. He actually spoke with them. This alone put him above many officers of his time.”


    A helicopter pilot in Vietnam, James Miller states, "Military leadership is always a mystery for the line soldier: Will the officer at the top know who we are and what will he expect of us? General Powell with superior intellect, poise and uncanny command of the situation was the consummate commander. He came up through the ranks and “had been there, done that” and had the hat and t-shirt to prove it.”


    U.S. Air Force pilot Mike Jackson, who earned a Purple Heart and the Distinguished Flying Cross in Vietnam, comments, “General Powell was an example to all of us, both in and out of the military, on how to best serve our nation and our fellow citizens. In all of his roles, he stood for honor and respect—for his country and its citizens.”


    What about the Iraq War, some may ask? U.S. Marine William Bruce Ayers reports that “General Powell was a great American who provided leadership at a time when we needed it in both Democratic and Republican administrations. All of the reports that he had been given on Iraq, including from reliable sources in Europe, indicated that there were weapons of mass destruction there. So many refuse to admit mistakes or attempt to cover them. I really appreciate that he later admitted mistakes.”


    As Veterans Day approaches and we remember all who have served or are serving, Vietnam veteran Carl DeSantis writes of Powell, “A man among men; walked the walk; strength of character unmatched; humble when found fallible.” And James Miller writes, “May God’s divine love grant General Powell eternal rest and let His perpetual light shine on him. Rest in peace, General, rest in peace.”

    There are currently a multitude of video tributes that celebrate the life and legacy of Colin L. Powell. The following are just a few.

    Video courtesy of Washington Post

    Video courtesy of 60 Minutes

    Video courtesy of PBS

    Colin L. Powell wrote several books during the course of his lifetime. Below are several title selections.

    My American Journey by Colin Powell with Joseph E. Persico
    It Worked For Me: In Life and Leadership by Colin Powell with Tony Koltz 
    A Soldier's Way: An Autobiography by Colin Powell with Joseph E. Persico  

    There have been many books written about Colin L. Powell's life and legacy. Below are several title selections.

    Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell by Karen DeYoung
    Colin Powell: Imperfect Patriot by Jeffrey J. Matthews 
    The Powell Principles: 24 Lessons from Colin Powell–Battle-Proven Leader by Oren Harari
    The Leadership Secrets of Colin Powell by Oren Harari
    Colin Powell: A Man of Quality by Libby Hughes

    They say that pictures are worth a thousand words. The following photo galleries illustrate the many facets of Colin L. Powell.

    Colin Powell–A Life in Pictures

    Courtesy of theguardian.com

    Colin Powell Through the Years

    Courtesy of krqe.com

    Colin Powell's Life In Pictures

    Courtesy of cnn.com

    Colin Powell Through the Years

    Courtesy of foxnews.com

    Colin Powell's Life in Photos

    Courtesy of people.com